Using the concepts of class, gender and ‘race’, show how sport in Britain is affected by patterns of social inequality

Each society established its own set of norms, values and beliefs. It is these that have caused societies to change and develop over time creating ideologies of inequality, prejudice and segregation. Often the beliefs of a population stem from the hegemonic group within that society, and others possessing less social status are pressured into conforming as a result. This process is evident within the sporting world as society repeatedly forces discrimination and segregation based on socio-economic or physical differences as dictated by the hegemonic group. Class is possibly the greatest creator of inequality. We have seen how several mainstream sports can be analysed in terms of shifts and continuities in the social context in which they have emerged, prospered or declined. Their fate has been determined essentially due to material social and economic factors, and the human cultural response to those influences (Horne, Tomlinson & Whannel, 1999). Sports participation is not a matter of personal choice, of individual preference. It depends upon the financial resources available to the potential participant, the social status of those prominent in that activity, and the cultural meaning of a sport and the individual's relationship to those meanings. The recruitment and induction processes into, say, golf and tennis clubs bear testimony to this. Take the apparently open-minded and egalitarian basis of a newcomer presenting herself at a tennis club. In order to do this the aspirant must communicate competently with the gate-keepers of a club; read the social interactions and etiquette and conventions of a club; comply with the dress code; be equipped with relatively sophisticated technology (she would be unlikely to get far with a wooden Dunlop Maxply in 2001); and be able to play at a level of acceptable competence (Horne, Tomlinson & Whannel, 1999). While it is evident that upper classes thrive on being members of exclusive clubs that for others were financially inaccessible such as the England Tennis Club at Wimbledon (Sleap, 1998). The middle classes established their own clubs, although they experienced less leisure time in which to enjoy the activities. However, they did receive subsidised sporting access via the old boy network. The working class endured the roughest deal. For them the term meritocracy never existed. They had no time or money to be involved in sports or leisure activities, and therefore tended only to enjoy sport at festivals and fetes. The games they played were a complete contrast to the upper classes, they has no organisation or codification and were violent and aggressive. The complex relationship between class cultures, or habitus, and formal sports institutions has been further analysed, at a theoretically more sophisticated level by John Hargreaves (1986). He shows how the practises and technologies of schooling and sport have served as instruments of class domination, and have contributed to the cultural reproduction of class difference and social inequality. The rigid distinctions erected between the amateur and the professional were in the end rooted in class domination. The formation of these institutions on the base of public school and university sport made them also an expression of the domination of social life by men. This does not mean that no women or working class people were involved in sport. But such involvement was always within the bounds of authority exercised by men of the bourgeoisie (Horne, Tomlinson & Whannel, 1999). The making of modern sports has been a predominantly masculine narrative, with women marginalised or disenfranchised at most stages of the narrative. Women's involvement in cricket too, was marginalised early on, and Sandiford (1994) notes that cricket was seen as too much a ‘manly sport' even for the tennis and hockey playing women students at the universities of Cambridge and Oxford in the late nineteenth century. It was not until 1926 that the British Women's Cricket Association was founded, by hockey and lacrosse players from Malvern College (Hargreaves, Jennifer. 1994). Colley et al (1987) supported that participation of 16-18 year old males an females suggested that sports are still strongly sex typed. This enforces inequalities in society as people have images and expectations to live up to, or risk being ridiculed. Before the era of mass media, the recording of cultural imagery was firmly linked to the power of the church and the aristocracy. Painters were commissioned to celebrate the material wealth of owners. Sporting paintings portrayed the horses and dogs of the land -owners (Goldman, 1983). There were also paintings of scenes of carnivalesque celebration, such as the famous Derby Day painting, and of everyday low life showing cock-fighting or dog-fighting. The sporting press began to emerge in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. The 1870 Education Act had helped produce a new reading public. The first sports pages began to emerge in 1896 with the launch of the Daily Mail. This initiated the modern era of mass circulation of popular newspapers (Horne, Tomlinson & Whannel, 1999). Instead of having a positive effect on the portrayal of women in sport, the hegemonic group who have dominated sport for all time, are still dictating what images get published. During the 2000 Olympic games, the Daily Star published no less than 70% of photographs of sporting males. However, outside the sports pages during the games 70% of the photographs were of the Olympic women. These shots did not show them in the same light as their male counterparts, who were obviously of the same world class standard. They sexualised the athletes, exposing flesh. Would this have been the case if the Olympic moto had been constructed as ‘Balance, Flexibility and Ultra Endurance', instead of ‘Faster, Higher, Stronger' ? (Lines, 2001). These issues are not restricted to prejudice in women's sport, but create disadvantages for ‘races' who do not conform to the hegemonic group's system. For example, in the relationship between sport and national identity, cricket is invested with more significance than any other sport in India. Even although India dominated international hockey for decades (not losing a match in the olympics from 1928 to 1960) (McDonald, I. 1999). However, the low international prestige associated with success in hockey, has divested hockey in India of significant political importance. The widespread popularity and therefore, the commercial nature of international test and one day cricket in India can be discerned from a comparison with the game in England. Whereas the sponsors of English cricket have traditionally been banks and insurance companies, Pespi and Coca-Cola vie for predominance amoungst the benefactors of Indian Cricket (McDonald, I 1999). This merely confirms the class and ‘race' inequalities established in Britain. Class, gender and ‘race' are all inter-linked, they overlap and share some similar issues. It is clear from studies in inequality in society, that financial, ‘racial' and sex-typing have influenced British sport for many years. It is because of this that often when it comes to international competition and World championships, Britain regularly falls short of other countries. Although the introduction of the national curriculum in 1991 saw one of the first major attempts to reduce inequality; no separation between class, gender or race, with everyone participating in the same activities with the same opportunities. However, private schools are exempt from the national curriculum and thus are geared to more affluent games, reinforcing the polarisation of the classes. While Gruneau (1983) argues â€Å"mass participation in sport during the second half of the twentieth century has meant that class inequality in sport has apparently declined and there is now a leisure mass instead of a leisure class†. Ruling class ideology is still evident today and although there have been attempts to reduce its effects, people are still influenced. The prevention or reduction of inequality is a large and important issue. Attempts by the women's liberation groups and the government to establish schemes that allow access to equipment for all – 1997 ‘Sport for All' campaign. However, strong inequalities still exist in the form of oppression by the ruling classes, stereotyping of women and ‘racial' discrimination. Until these are reduced and controlled Britain will remain to fall behind on the athletic stage.

Physics Help Us in Daily Life Essay

Well how does the study of physics made a milestone for the world. And how does it help me in my daily life. Physics is the science of matter and its motion, space-time and energy. Physics describes many forms of energy – such as kinetic energy, electrical energy, and mass; and the way energy can change from one form to another. Everything surrounding to us is made of matter and Physics explains matter as combinations of fundamental particles which are interacting through fundamental forces. It will not be an exaggeration if it is said that Nature is almost Physics (apart from the fact that the word Physics itself is derived from Greek â€Å"physis† meaning nature). Physics is all around us. We can find Physics as the backbone for any daily life example such as an electric light, electricity, the working of our vehicle, wristwatch, cell phone, CD player, radio, plasma TV set, computer, and – the list goes on Physics and its principles are integrated with almost everything you do. A few of the things physics controls are how: †¢Pool balls react and move †¢Heat transfers into your cooking †¢Refrigerators cool the contents †¢Car engines work †¢Airplanes fly †¢Televisions and computers operate †¢Water gets to your house and sewage leaves †¢There is fizz in your soda or beer †¢Paint sticks to a wall The problem is that these activities are so integrated with your experience that you know how to throw a ball so it gets to the catcher in baseball (for example) without doing the math. However in the same way you can appreciate music without under standing the key, attack, dwell or pitch musicians (and in physics, scientists) need to know them to make more for your enjoyment.

Malcolm X Essay example - 1793 Words

Malcolm X Malcolm’s family was a victim of racism before he was even born. His father, Reverend Earl Little, had experienced the death of three of his brothers by white men and one by lynching. This caused Rev. Little to become a preacher of Marcus Garvey’s pro-black and Back-to-Africa beliefs. Because of these beliefs, Malcolm’s family was often a target of racist acts. Due to an incident by the Ku Klux Klan while Malcolm’s mother was still pregnant with him they moved from Omaha to Milwaukee. There their were still many hate crimes. They a couple more times and then to Lansing, Michigan. Malcolm experienced friction between his parents and child abuse of his older siblings by his mother, Louise. One night in September 1931†¦show more content†¦Malcolm experienced many things for the first time... ‘I had never had tasted a sip of liquor, never even smoked a cigarette, and here I saw little black children, ten and twelve years old, shooting craps, playing cards, fighting....children threw swear words I’d never heard before....† Malcolm met Shorty, a man who had a significant influence on Malcolm’s life. Shorty helped Malcolm find a job as a shoeshine boy for a large ballroom. Malcolm was trained for a few nights by the exiting guy. This training included not only shoeshining but also the dealing of drugs and the hiring of prostitutes for customers. Soon Shorty had showed Malcolm how to wear s zoot suit and put his hair into a conk (a hairstyle African Americans wore to straighten their hair). Malcolm soon learned how to dance and ended up quitting his shoeshine job. In the process of dancing, he met Laura, an educated girl who was also an excellent dance partner. Malcolm began going out with Laura and was involved in a serious relationship until he met Sophia. Sophia was an older white girl whom Malcolm immediately went after at a party. It wasn’t long until Sophia was was with Malcolm. Soon after in 1942 in an attempt by his aunt to get him away from Boston and Sophia Malcolm becam e a dishwasher foe the railroad company. Malcolm soon became a local street hustler but was forced to retreat back to Boston after finding out another hustler, the Mafia, and police were allShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X2364 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Introduction Malcolm X is seen as quite a controversial person. His admirers see him as a courageous human rights activist who campaigned for the rights of African Americans and showed white America how racist it was. His enemies see him as a racist, anti-Semitic and violent person. Malcolm X was orphaned early in life. At the age of six his father was killed and it has been rumoured that white racists were responsible. Seven years later his mother passed away after which he lived in a seriesRead MoreMalcolm Of The Malcolm X Journey2039 Words   |  9 PagesThe Malcolm X Journey Malcolm Little was born in the mid twentieth century, these were difficult times for the black youth. As Little grew older he knew there needed to be change, he was one of the few people that was capable of making that happen for the fellow African-American and African. At a very young age Malcolm grasped the concept that there s something not right, that there needed to be an alteration and thus is where he started his studies. Malcolm needed to be outspoken he wanted toRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X962 Words   |  4 PagesMalcolm X On May 19, 1925 Malcolm Little was born to Louise and Earl Little. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm was the seventh of eleven children. Malcolms father, Earl, was a Baptist minister from Reynolds, Georgia. His mother was raised in Grenada in the British West Indies. His father was also became an organizer for Marcus Garveys Universal Negro Improvement Association. Marcus Garvey and his followers fought for racial separation and more power for blacks. Growing up, MalcolmsRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1701 Words   |  7 Pagesautobiography of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most controversial Men in American history. I’m familar with the name Malcolm X however, I’m not familliar with the works and background of Malcolm X. This is why I choose to read the autobiography of Malcolm X written by himself and Alex Haley. Which gives the read an insight on his background, beliefs, and the American society then. I believe that many people including my self have misunderstood Malcolm X. I believe that Malcolm X is misunderstoodRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X791 Words   |  4 Pageslife. Malcolm X told his life story of how he overcame in his autobiography simply called The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley. His life changed the world historically, socially, and especially politically by taking a stand against racism of all kinds which still exists in today’s â€Å"modern† standards. Using his personal life experience with racism towards African-Americans, Malcolm spreads the word on equality for all with a realistic tone that inspires trust in him. Malcolm X reachesRead MoreWho is Malcolm X?1087 Words   |  5 PagesMalcolm X Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. He was the son of Louise Norton and Earl Little. He lived with 7 brothers and sisters. Malcolm’s father was an outspoken Baptist minister and on various occasions received death threats forcing his family to relocate twice before Malcolm’s fourth birthday. Malcolm’s father Earl Little, was a man of the Baptist preaching community who was a supporter of large civil right movements. Earl had many encounters withRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X1699 Words   |  7 Pages The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Alex Haley was published in 1965. It is national best seller about the life and times of Malcolm X. On May 19, 1925 Malcolm Little was born in Omaha, Nebraska. His father was a preacher who spoke out about the unity of black people. This caused several white racists to strike out against Malcolm’s father and his family violently. His family moved to Lansing, Michigan where Malcolm, his parents, brothers, and sisters were shot at, burned out of their home, harassedRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X1346 Words   |  6 Pagesamong all of these leaders though, Malcolm X. Although fighting for the same thing as his colleagues in the civil rights movements, he was considered by many to represent the more extreme side of the battle for equa lity in the United States. It is his standout views and beliefs that make Malcolm X one of the most prominent and fascinating African-American leaders in the 1950s and 60s. Malcolm X was born May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska by the name of Malcolm Little. His childhood was plaguedRead More Malcolm X Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm X Malcolm X, a civil rights leader in the 1960s believed that blacks and whites should be segregated. He also believed that white man was evil and were trying to brainwash all blacks and that Martin Luther Kings non-violent protests werent working and that violence was needed for change. Malcolm Xs life was a life with a lot of conflict and violence in it. Malcolm X was born under the name of Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925. His father was a baptist minister and anRead MoreThe Education Of Malcolm X Essay984 Words   |  4 Pageswrite to express your feelings and communicate with others. Frederick Douglass and Malcom X both succeeded in learning how to read and write, but in different ways. The education of Malcolm X was learned more formally. Frederick Douglass learned from his surroundings and the people around him. Malcom and Frederick battled in reading and writing, but learned in similar and different ways. During the 1960s, Malcolm X was one of many articulate and powerful leaders of black America. Before he was a street

Analysis Of The Republic, Jesus Of Nazareth s The...

The war is over. The country of Germany is in shambles and the dictator Adolf Hitler is dead, but still vividly exists in the nightmares of many. Innocent millions have been slaughtered and the need to seek justice and determine what justice for both implementors of the genocide and for the victims who persevered through the atrocities. Many are quick to suggest killing those involved in the massacre but upon reflection, it only becomes more apparent a better solution is out there. Through the exploration of philosophy, one can discover what can and should be done to serve justice. It is up to learned to look upon themselves and thinkers of the past to tackle the difficult task. The decision must go beyond the brute force of Nazi torture and create a future that is bright for every individual. In search of universal truth, the literary works of Plato’s The Republic, Jesus of Nazareth’s The Gospel of Matthew, and Shakespeare’s Hamlet shall be stripped, searched, a nd gutted to decipher how justice should truly be served. To reach these truths one should begin with a foundation of philosophy. In his novel Plato has his master Socrates begin a quest of seeking what Justice means. He desires an absolute truth well beyond the general view of his society. Every suggestion made by his peers is deemed inadequate. His peer Thrasymachus claims that â€Å"justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger†. This simple view lacks nearly any human empathy and encourages the

Managers Must Discipline Employees For Organizational...

1. While managers must discipline employees for organizational behaviors from time to time, what are some of the challenges one faces; and what type of plan of action can one implement to put an end to the issues being presented. So, what is discipline, it’s a way for manager to instill learning, by helping one to improve their behavior; through that of corrective actions. Although, discipline has been classified as being harsh and unjustifiable towards employees not meeting company standards, and can be avoidable, others feel its beneficial in helping to improve one’s behavior through that of using corrective actions; instead of punishing them for their mistakes. However, for this concept to be the best alternative, managers need to approach the situation head on and quickly for it to be resolved; before more problems surface or become out of control. Just like with Quentin, who is making it a habit to miss work every Monday, and failing to meet company standards; wh ile not holding up to his commitments of abiding to organizational standard and policies. This can be a huge problem for management as well as himself (Quentin), because no manager ever wants to put a plan of action into force just to obtain newer results; especially when one employee is lacking responsibility due to their actions. But unfortunately, sometimes they have no choice, and a plan of action is implemented and monitored to meet ones’ expectations; while being document throughout the whole process.Show MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior And Combat Turnover874 Words   |  4 PagesEmploying the Contributing Disciplines of Organizational Behavior to Combat Turnover Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness (Robbins Judge, 2013). Essentially, Organizational behavior is the study of the actions of people inside of an organization, and how those actions affect the organization’sRead MoreOrganizational Discipline878 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational discipline means to systematically conducting the business by the organizational members who strictly adhere to the essential rules and regulations, (Employee Discipline and Features of a Sound Disciplinary System 2012). Therefore, discipline helps to enforce company rules, with the ultimate goal of meeting company visions and values. Discipline is meted out at the level of management, in terms of disciplining employees for behaviors that do not conform to company ideals or regulationsR ead MoreThe Relevance Of Organizational Behavior1202 Words   |  5 Pagesbasic terms, organizational behavior concerns itself with the behavior of individuals in the organizational setting. This text concerns itself with the study of organizational behavior. In so doing, this paper will amongst other things address not only the various concepts associated with organizational behavior but also the relevance of studying the same as an academic discipline. Organizational Behavior: A Concise Definition In seeking to define organizational behavior, we must first defineRead MoreImportance of Organizational Behavior Essay798 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Organizational Behavior In any organization one can assume that the main goal of that business is to succeed; what exactly does being a winning organization mean and what does it take to get there? In the past companies placed a great amount of emphasis on the numbers and how to achieve those numbers. The people who actually helped achieve those numbers were graded on their technical skills, productivity, and budgets. Employees were moneymaking machines and how they achievedRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1046 Words   |  5 PagesHead: Organizational Behavior \ Erica Wilson Organizational Behavior AJS 512 Douglas Bryant III April 23, 2012 Organizational Behavior According to Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, and Uhl-bien Organizational behavior is the study of individuals and groups in organizations (pg. 4). Organizational behavior is an applied discipline that is based on scientific method which was researched to help formulate teams and collegial work environments. The importance of organizational behavior is toRead MoreThe Dynamics of People and Organizations1655 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1 The Dynamics of People and Organizations Organizational Behavior Organizational Behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people – as individuals and as groups – act within organizations. Organizational Behavior is a scientific discipline in which a large number of research studies and conceptual developments are constantly adding to its knowledge base. Goals of Organizational Behavior (Most Sciences share four goals) * Describe (How people behave under a varietyRead More The Importance of Organizational Behavior Essay781 Words   |  4 Pages The Importance of Organizational Behavior In any organization one can assume that the main goal of that business is to succeed; what exactly does being a winning organization mean and what does it take to get there? In the past companies placed a great amount of emphasis on the numbers and how to achieve those numbers. The people who actually helped achieve those numbers were graded on their technical skills, productivity, and budgets. Employees were moneymaking machines and how they achievedRead MoreFive Models of Organization Behavior729 Words   |  3 Pages * sFive Models of Organizational Behavior: Factors | 1)Autocratic | 2)Custodial | 3)Supportive | 4)Collegial | 5)System | Basis of model | Power | Economic resources | Leadership | Partnership | Trust, Community | Managerial orientation | Authority | Money | Support | Team work | Caring,Compassion | Employee orientation | Obedience | Securityamp;Benefits | Job performance | Responsiblebehavior | Psychologicalownership | Employee psychological result | Dependenceonboss | DependenceonorganizationRead MoreDilemma at Devils Den1330 Words   |  6 Pagessnack bar, called The Devil’s Den. At the time she was there she realized that there were some difficulties of the employees doing their job right, such as thefts that were going on for a long time now. Something else that bothered Susan was that no one paid attention of the behavior of the night shift employees. Devil’s Den had a contract with the College Food Service (CFS). The employees from the snack bar took advantage of this situation and they got too loose. They took food after their shift andRead MoreDilemma at Devils Den1318 Words   |  6 Pagessnack bar, called The Devil’s Den. At the time she was there she realized that there were some difficulties of the employees doing their job right, such as thefts that were going on for a long time now. Something else that bothered Susan was that no one paid attention of the behavior of the night shift employees. Devil’s Den had a contract with the College Food Service (CFS). The employees from the snack bar took advantage of this situation and they got too loose. They took food after their shift and

The Balfour Declaration free essay sample

Balfour, who was the British Foreign Secretary, was the person responsible for signing the document (Key Press Release on the Recognition of the State of Israel, 2011). His intensions, along with C. Weizmann and the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland, were to establish a homeland for Jewish people (Zionism, 2011). The land given to the Jews was not just sacred land to the Jews, but for other religions as well (Palestine, 2011). For these reasons, the leaders of the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland with the additional help of Chaim Weizmann, they were able to receive a declaration stating specific land to the Jews. This might have been a jubilant day for the Jews, but it resulted in future turmoil between many Arab countries and the soon to be proclaimed land of Israel. This document was written and signed by Sir Arthur James Balfour in the United Kingdom, but affected the people living in Palestine at the time (Palestine, 2011). The document was published and received by Baron Rothschild on November 2, 1917 (British Official Statement on Palestine, 1951). Baron Rothschild was a leader of the British Jewish community at the time. Palestine was a piece of land between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands. The document entitled a Jewish homeland for Jews in the land of Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 2011). Arthur Balfour states in the letter that, â€Å"†¦it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. The Jewish community would not dare go against with what was written in the letter, in fear of the consequences that could take place. The real frustration started when the Arabs living in Palestine, at the time, were taken off their land and became jealous of the fact that the Jews were able to produce agriculture in forsaken desert land, when all attempts were made by the Arabs (Official Statement of British Policy in Palestine, 1951). The location of the land given might not have been exact f or Zionists, but at that point, it was not an option. The reaction of people and places around Palestine and even in at the time was major. In large groups, Jews started to travel over to Palestine at once, which created the Zionist Movement (Palestine, 2011). Zionism is the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel, advocated, from its inception, tangible as well as spiritual aims. (A Definition of Zionism, 2011) Another response and different outlook to the signing of the Balfour Declaration was immediate stoppage of Jewish immigration to Palestine by the Arabs. The Arabs feared that if enough Jews were to eventually populate Palestine, the Arabs would have to deal with expulsion. As much as they tried to stop Jews from entering Palestine, a plethora still managed to enter (Summary of the Arab Demands in Palestine, 1951). As time went on, tensions between the Jews and Arabs greatly increased (Palestine Liberation Organization, 2011). Many terrorist groups were formed later on. One group formed was called Hamas. On June 26, 2006, they captured a 19-year-old Israeli solider named Gilad Shalit. For more than five years, they held him hostage with no connection to the outside world. He had no idea of when it was day and night what day of the week it was, or the current date. He was released recently on October 18, 2011, upon the conditional release of 1,027 Palestinian terrorists (Gilad Shalit, 2011). The reaction of the declaration was beneficial to the Jews who were seeking a Jewish homeland, but caused atrocious behavior by Arabs. There were many favorable reforms of the Balfour Declaration, while at the same time, many dreadful occurrences were prone to take place. Some advantageous improvements for the Jews caused by the document could start with the fact that with the already owned Jewish land, the Jews could proclaim independence in the near future (United State Recognition of the New State of Israel, 1951). They also now had a place where Jews could gather and feel safe in the â€Å"Holy Land† together. The Jewish people might not have been wealthy or prosperous, but they felt connected and mentally opulent (The Balfour Declaration, November 2, 1917, 1918). Gruesome is the nice way to put how future wars were to become. The Arabs were furious at the Jews for â€Å"stealing† land from them, and eventually reached a boiling point (Arab-Israeli Conflict, 2011). In 1920, during one of the most holy holidays for Jews, Passover, an Arab riot broke out, killing six Jews and injuring almost 200. Thankfully for the preliminary organization of Jewish defense, the number killed could have gone up immensely. (Arab Riots of the 1920’s, 2011) Neither can we forget the unspeakable, outrageous act of violence towards Jews labeled the Holocaust. From the infamous â€Å"inspiration and determination† of one man, Adolf Hitler, he himself was able to brainwash thousands of people into believing that the Jews were evil and satanic. He soon instructed those people, titled Nazis, to go out and start to kill any Jew, handicapped, and other sections of people in the Germany, Poland, and other European countries. In the end, about six million Jews were killed in this tragic war. One last dramatic event was the Yom Kippur War in 1973. On October 6, 1973, Egyptian, Syrian, and Arab terrorists attacked Israel on one of the holiest days of the year for a Jew. Close to 2800 Israeli soldiers were killed, and close to 8000 were injured. After the war, Israel became more secure and founded a better military. As superior of a declaration it was to the Jews, it would later on create dreadful experiences to the Jewish population. In the end, the Balfour Declaration could be said that it is the cause to the most enduring and explosive of all of the world’s conflict (BBC News, 2011). For the past millennium, numerous acts of terrorism and racism have resulted in millions of deaths to Jews. Half of the Jewish population today is in Israel, almost nearly all of the other half of the Jews live in the United States, leaving the rest scattered around the world. As of 2007, there were 13. 2 million Jews in the world out of the world population of 6. 97 billion. Out of the total population of the world, . 2% were Jews. Because of the Balfour Declaration, the population size and distribution around the world was affected then and still remains today. The revolution of the Balfour Declaration was mainly to establish land for the Jewish population. At the time, the Jews intension was to create a place where they could live and feel safe, but also for people of others religions to live in harmony. They knew that the land was sacred to more than just them. There were many reactions of the Balfour Declaration. Some were devastating to the Jews and some were joyous days for the Jewish community. The major reactions of both the Jews and Arabs could include the numerous acts of violence toward the Jewish population including acts of terrorism and the Holocaust, but also includes the fact that they were able to declare independence and statehood. As for the reforms, the Jews were able to gain statehood, at the cost of millions of deaths, terrorism towards the Jewish religion, and ongoing wars between the Jews and the Palestinians and Arabs. Annotated Bibliography Citations- Primary Source British Official Statement On Palestine, November 1938. Documents and Readings in the History of Europe Since 1918. Chicage: Lippincott, 1951. World Book Advanced. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. This article tells us that the Balfour Declaration was published in 1917. It shows how far back the document was brought to action, and the time proceeding it in which hatred towards one another can still continue. First World War. com Primary Documents Balfour Declaration, 2 November 1917. First World War. com A Multimedia History of World War One. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. lt;http://www. firstworldwar. com/source/balfour. htmgt;. The document states that it has sympathy with Jewish Zionism. Foreshadows jealousy with Arabs towards Jews and future conflict. Gilad Shalit Israel News, Ynetnews. Israel News: Ynetnews. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. lt;http://www. ynetnews. com/articles/0,734,L-4115417,00. htmlgt;. States how Gilad Shalit, a 19 year old Jewish soldier, was kidnapped by Hamas, an Arab terrorist group. Helps me understand the true turmoil between the Jews and the Arabs. Key Press Release on the Recognition of the State of Israel. World Book Advanced. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. Chaim Weizmann, who was a Zionist, persuaded Arthur Balfour and the British Government to issue a document favoring establishment of a Jewish national homeland. It helped me realize that Chaim Weizmann played an important role for receiving the document. Official Statement Of British Policy In Palestine, 1930. Documents and Readings in the History of Europe Since 1918. Chicage: Lippincott, 1951. World Book Advanced. Web. 30 Oct. 2011.

The Scarlet Letter The Forest Essays - English-language Films

The Scarlet Letter: The Forest In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, life is centered around a rigid Puritan society in which one is unable to divulge his or her innermost thoughts and secrets. Every human being needs the opportunity to express how he or she truly feels; otherwise the emotions are bottled up until they become volatile. Unfortunately, Puritan society did not permit this kind of expression; thus characters had to seek alternate means to relieve their personal anguishes and desires. Luckily, at least for the four main characters, Hawthorne provides such a sanctuary in the form of the mysterious forest. Hawthorne uses the forest to provide a kind of shelter for members of society in need of a refuge from daily Puritan life. In the deep, dark portions of the forest, many of the pivotal characters bring forth hidden thoughts and emotions. The forest track leads away from the settlement out into the wilderness where all signs of civilization vanish. This is precisely the escape route from strict mandates of law and religion, to a refuge where men, as well as women, can open up and be themselves. It is here that Dimmesdale openly acknowledges Hester and his undying love for her. It is also here that Hester can do the same for Dimmesdale. Finally, it is here that the two of them can openly engage in conversation without being preoccupied with the constraints that Puritan society places on them. The forest itself is the very embodiment of freedom. Nobody watches in the woods to report misbehavior, thus it is here that people may do as they wish. To independent spirits such as Hester Prynnes, the wilderness beckons her: Throw off the shackles of law and religion. What good have they done you anyway? Look at you, a young and vibrant woman, grown old before your time. And no wonder, hemmed in, as you are, on every side by prohibitions. Why, you can hardly walk without tripping over one commandment or another. Come to me, and be masterless. (p.186) Truly, Hester takes advantage of this, when Arthur Dimmesdale appears. She openly talks with Dimmesdale about subjects that would never be mentioned in any place other than the forest. What we did... she reminds him, had a consecration of its own. We felt it so! We said to each other! This statement shocks Dimmesdale and he tells Hester to hush, but he eventually realizes that he is in an environment where he can openly express his emotions. The thought of Hester and Dimmesdale having an intimate conversation in the confines of the society in which they live is incomprehensible. Yet here, in the forest, they can throw away all reluctance and finally be themselves under the umbrella of security that exists. In Puritan society, self-reliance is stressed among many other things. However, self-reliance is more than stressed- it is assumed. It is assumed that you need only yourself, and therefore should have no emotional necessity for a shoulder to cry on. Once again, for people in the stations of life which Hester and Dimmesdale hold, it would be unthinkable for them to comfort each other. Yet, in the forest, these cares are tossed away. Be thou strong for me, Dimmesdale pleads. Advise me what to do. (p. 187) This is a cry for help from Dimmesdale, finally admitting he cannot go through this ordeal by himself. With this plea comes an interesting sort of role-reversal. When Dimmesdale asks for help, he is no longer sustaining the belief that he is above Hester. He is finally admitting that she is an equal, or even that she is above him. This is possibly one of the reasons that Puritans wont accept these emotional displays- because the society is so socially oriented. Hester, assuming a new position of power, gives a heartfelt, moving speech. The eloquence of her words cannot be overemphasized, and a more powerful statement had yet to be made in the book. Hesters speech turns out to bear a remarkable resemblance to one of Dimmesdales sermons. Begin all anew! ... Preach! Write! Act!(p. 188) The questions she asks are also like the articulate questions which Dimmesdale would pose during his sermons. The